Now that we have seen what operating systems look like on the outside (i.e., the programmer’s interface), it is time to take a look inside. In the following sections, we will examine five different structures that have been tried, in order to get some idea of the spectrum of possibilities. These are by no means exhaustive, but they give an idea of some designs that have been tried in practice. The five designs are monolithic systems, layered systems, virtual machines, exokernels, and client-server systems
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